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Module 1 : In time of test, Family is best
Topic: Family relationship My grammar
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Zero conditional
The zero conditional is a structure used for talking about
general truths -- things which always happen under certain conditions. This
page will explain how the zero conditional is formed, and when to use it.
The
structure of a zero conditional sentence
A zero conditional
sentence consists of two clauses, an "if" clause and a main clause
(note that most zero conditional sentences will mean the same thing if
"when" is used instead of "if"):
if clause
|
main clause
|
If you heat water
to 100 degrees,
|
it boils.
|
If the "if" clause comes first, a comma is
usually used. If the "if" clause comes second, there is no need
for a comma:
main clause
|
if clause
|
Water boils
|
if you
heat it to 100 degrees.
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We use the same
verb form in each part of a zero conditional: the simple present tense:
if clause
|
if +
subject + simple present verb
|
main clause
|
subject + simple present verb
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Using
the zero conditional
The zero conditional is used to talk about things which are always true
-- scientific facts, general truths, and so on:
Example
|
Explanation
|
If you cross an
international date line, the
time changes.
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This always happens, every time you
cross a dateline.
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If you go 10
meters under water, the pressure
increases to two atmospheres.
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This is basically always true -- the
pressure of 10 meters of water equals one atmosphere.
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Phosphorus burns if you
expose it to air.
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This is a scientific fact -- you can
test it in a laboratory
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· Causative verbs
Want
Examples:
I want you to clean the room.
He wants me to join him to the doctor.
They want us to send them a greeting card.
She wants me to help her.
Let
FORM [let + person +
verb]
USE This construction means "to allow someone to do
something."
Examples:
·
John let
me
drive his new
car.
·
Will your parents let
you go to the party?
·
I don't know if my boss will let me take the day off.
Make
FORM [make + person
+ verb]
USE This construction means "to force someone to do
something."
Examples:
·
My teacher made me apologize for what I had said.
·
Did somebody make you wear that ugly hat?
·
She made her children do their homework.
Have
FORM [have + person +
verb]
USE This construction means "to give someone the
responsibility to do something."
Examples:
·
Dr. Smith had his nurse take the patient's temperature.
·
Please have
your secretary fax me the
information.
·
I had
the mechanic
check the
brakes.
· Affixation
Prefixes
The beginning or to add to the beginning. To prefix a header
onto a packet means to place the header characters in front of the packet. "To prefix" at the beginning is the opposite of "to
append" characters at the end.
Prefix
|
meaning
|
example
|
Anglo-
|
English
|
Anglo-German
relations
|
ante-
|
before
|
antenatal
(before birth)
|
anti-
|
against
|
anti-European,
antisocial
|
auto-
|
self
|
autobiography
|
bi-
|
two
|
bicycle,
bilingual, bimonthly
|
cent-, centi-
|
hundred
|
centenary,
centimetre
|
co-
|
together
|
copilot,
to coexist, cooperation
|
con-
|
with, together
|
context
|
contra-
|
against, opposite
|
to contradict, to contraflow
|
counter-
|
against, opposite
|
counterrevolution,
counterproductive
|
de-
|
taking something away, the
opposite
|
to defrost, to decentralize
|
dis-
|
reverse, opposite
|
to displease, to disembark
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ex-
|
former
|
ex-wife,
ex-president
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extra-
|
1. very,
more than usual
|
extra-thin,
extra-special
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2.
outside, beyond
|
extraordinary,
extraterrestrial
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fore-
|
1. before,
in advance
|
to foretell, foreword
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2. front
|
foreground,
forehead
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in-, il-, im-, ir-
|
not
|
incorrect,
invalid, illegible,
immoral, impatient, impossible, irregular,
irrelevant
|
inter-
|
between, from one to another
|
international,
interracial
|
kilo-
|
thousand
|
kilogram,
kilowatt
|
maxi-
|
most, very large
|
maximum
|
mid-
|
in the middle of
|
mid-afternoon,
mid-air
|
mini-
|
small
|
miniskirt,
minibus, miniseries
|
mis-
|
bad or wrong, not
|
to misunderstand,
to misbehave
|
mono-
|
one, single
|
monolingual,
monorail
|
multi-
|
many
|
multilingual
|
non-
|
not
|
nonsense,
non-resident, non-smoker
|
out-
|
more, to a greater degree
|
to outdo, to outrun
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over-
|
more than normal, too much
|
to overeat,
to oversleep, to overestimate
|
post-
|
after
|
postwar
|
pre-
|
before
|
prepaid,
preview
|
re-
|
again
|
to rewrite, to rebuild
|
semi-
|
half
|
semicircle,
semidetached
|
sub-
|
1. below,
less than
|
subzero
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2. under
|
subway,
subtitles
|
super-
|
extremely, more than
|
superhuman,
supersonic
|
tele-
|
far, over a long distance
|
telecommunications,
television, telephoto
lens
|
trans-
|
across, though
|
transatlantic,
transcontinental
|
tri-
|
three
|
triangle,
tricolour
|
ultra-
|
extremely, beyond a certain
limit
|
ultra-modern,
ultraviolet
|
un-
|
not, opposite, taking
something away
|
uncertain, uncomfortable, unsure,
to undo, to undress
|
uni-
|
one, single
|
uniform
|
Suffixes
A
suffix is a group of letters added to the end of a word to form a new word. For
example: when ful is added to the word help, a new
word is formed: helpful.
Suffix
|
used to make
|
meaning
|
example
|
-able, -ible, -ble
|
adjectives
|
possible to
|
acceptable, noticable, convertible,
divisible, irresistible
|
-age
|
nouns
|
a process or state
|
shortage, storage
|
-al
|
adjectives
|
connected with
|
experimental,
accidental, environmental
|
-ance, -ancy,
|
nouns
|
an action, process or state
|
appearance, performance, pregnancy,
constancy
|
-ant, -ent
|
nouns
|
a person who does it
|
assistant, immigrant, student
|
-ation
|
nouns
|
a state or action
|
examination, imagination, organization
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-ee
|
nouns
|
a person to whom something
is done
|
employee, trainee
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-en
|
verbs
|
to give something a
particular quality, to make something more
|
to strengthen
|
-ence, -ency,
|
nouns
|
an action, process or state
|
coincidence, patience, potency, presidency
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-er
|
nouns
|
a person who does something
|
rider,
painter, baker,
builder, teacher
|
-ese
|
adjectives
|
from a place
|
Japanese, Chinese, Viennese
|
-ess
|
nouns
|
a woman who does somthing as
a job
|
waitress, actress
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-ful
|
adjectives
|
having a particular quality
|
beautiful, helpful, useful, thankful
|
-hood
|
nouns
|
a state, often during a
particular period of time
|
childhood, motherhood
|
-ian
|
nouns
|
a person who does something
as a job or hobby
|
historian, comedian, politician
|
-ical
|
adjectives from nouns ending
-y or -ics
|
connected with
|
economical, mathematical, physical
|
-ify
|
verbs
|
to produce a state or
quality
|
beautify, simplify, purify
|
-ish
|
adjectives
|
1.describing nationality or language
|
English, Swedish, Polish
|
2.like something
|
babyish, foolish
|
3.rather, quite
|
longish, youngish, brownish
|
-ist
|
nouns
|
1.a person who has
studied something or does something as a job
|
scientist, typist
|
2.a person who
believes in something or belongs to a particular group
|
capitalist, pacifist, feminist
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-ion
|
nouns
|
a state or process
|
action, connection, exhibition
|
-ive
|
adjectives
|
to be able to, having a
particular quality
|
active, effective
|
-ize, -ise
|
verbs
|
actions producing a
particular state
|
to magnetize, to generalize,
to modernise, to standardise
|
-less
|
adjectives
|
not having something
|
hopeless, friendless
|
-like
|
adjectives
|
similar to
|
childlike
|
-ly
|
adverbs
|
in a particular way
|
badly, beautifully, completely
|
-ment
|
nouns
|
a state, action or quality
|
development, arrangement, excitement,
achievement
|
-ness
|
nouns
|
a state or quality
|
kindness, sadness, happiness, weakness
|
-ology
|
nouns
|
the study of a subject
|
biology, psychology, zoology
|
-or
|
nouns
|
a person who does something,
often as a job
|
actor, conductor, sailor
|
-ous
|
adjectives
|
having a particular quality
|
dangerous, generous, religous
|
-ship
|
nouns
|
showing status
|
membership, citizenship, friendship
|
-wards
|
adverbs
|
in a particular direction
|
backwards, upwards
|
-wise
|
adverbs
|
in a particular way
|
anticlockwise
|
-y
|
adjectives
|
having the quality of the
thing metioned
|
cloudy, rainy, fatty, thirsty, greeny
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