Module 1 : In time of test, Family is best Topic: Family relationship
                       My grammar

 

 

·        Zero conditional

The zero conditional is a structure used for talking about general truths -- things which always happen under certain conditions. This page will explain how the zero conditional is formed, and when to use it.

 

The structure of a zero conditional sentence

A zero conditional sentence consists of two clauses, an "if" clause and a main clause (note that most zero conditional sentences will mean the same thing if "when" is used instead of "if"):

 

if clause

main clause

If you heat water to 100 degrees,

it boils.

If the "if" clause comes first, a comma is usually used. If the "if" clause comes second, there is no need for a comma:

main clause

if clause

Water boils

if you heat it to 100 degrees.

We use the same verb form in each part of a zero conditional: the simple present tense:

if clause

if + subject + simple present verb

main clause

subject + simple present verb

 

Using the zero conditional

The zero conditional is used to talk about things which are always true -- scientific facts, general truths, and so on:

 

Example

Explanation

If you cross an international date line, the time changes.

This always happens, every time you cross a dateline.

If you go 10 meters under water, the pressure increases to two atmospheres.

This is basically always true -- the pressure of 10 meters of water equals one atmosphere.

 Phosphorus burns if you expose it to air.

This is a scientific fact -- you can test it in a laboratory

 

 

 

·       Causative verbs

Want

      

 

Examples:

I want you to clean the room.

He wants me to join him to the doctor.

They want us to send them a greeting card.

She wants me to help her.

Let

FORM [let + person + verb]

USE This construction means "to allow someone to do something."

Examples:

·       John let me drive his new car.

·       Will your parents let you go to the party?

·       I don't know if my boss will let me take the day off.

Make

FORM  [make + person + verb]

USE This construction means "to force someone to do something."

Examples:

·       My teacher made me apologize for what I had said.

·       Did somebody make you wear that ugly hat?

·       She made her children do their homework.

Have

FORM [have + person + verb]

USE This construction means "to give someone the responsibility to do something."

Examples:

·       Dr. Smith had his nurse take the patient's temperature.

·       Please have your secretary fax me the information.

·       I had the mechanic check the brakes.

 

·       Affixation

Prefixes

The beginning or to add to the beginning. To prefix a header onto a packet means to place the header characters in front of the packet. "To prefix" at the beginning is the opposite of "to append" characters at the end.


Prefix

meaning

example

Anglo-

English

Anglo-German relations

ante-

before

antenatal (before birth)

anti-

against

anti-European, antisocial

auto-

self

autobiography

bi-

two

bicycle, bilingual, bimonthly

cent-, centi-

hundred

centenary, centimetre

co-

together

copilot, to coexist, cooperation

con-

with, together

context

contra-

against, opposite

to contradict, to contraflow

counter-

against, opposite

counterrevolution, counterproductive

de-

taking something away, the opposite

to defrost, to decentralize

dis-

reverse, opposite

to displease, to disembark

ex-

former

ex-wife, ex-president

extra-

1. very, more than usual

extra-thin, extra-special

2. outside, beyond

extraordinary, extraterrestrial

fore-

1. before, in advance

to foretell, foreword

2. front

foreground, forehead

in-, il-, im-, ir-

not

incorrect, invalid, illegible, immoral, impatient, impossible, irregular, irrelevant

inter-

between, from one to another

international, interracial

kilo-

thousand

kilogram, kilowatt

maxi-

most, very large

maximum

mid-

in the middle of

mid-afternoon, mid-air

mini-

small

miniskirt, minibus, miniseries

mis-

bad or wrong, not

to misunderstand, to misbehave

mono-

one, single

monolingual, monorail

multi-

many

multilingual

non-

not

nonsense, non-resident, non-smoker

out-

more, to a greater degree

to outdo, to outrun

over-

more than normal, too much

to overeat, to oversleep, to overestimate

post-

after

postwar

pre-

before

prepaid, preview

re-

again

to rewrite, to rebuild

semi-

half

semicircle, semidetached

sub-

1. below, less than

subzero

2. under

subway, subtitles

super-

extremely, more than

superhuman, supersonic

tele-

far, over a long distance

telecommunications, television, telephoto lens

trans-

across, though

transatlantic, transcontinental

tri-

three

triangle, tricolour

ultra-

extremely, beyond a certain limit

ultra-modern, ultraviolet

un-

not, opposite, taking something away

uncertain, uncomfortable, unsure, to undo, to undress

uni-

one, single

uniform

 

Suffixes  

A suffix is a group of letters added to the end of a word to form a new word. For example: when ful is added to the word help, a new word is formed: helpful.

Suffix

used to make

meaning

example

-able, -ible, -ble

adjectives

possible to

acceptable, noticable, convertible, divisible, irresistible

-age

nouns

a process or state

shortage, storage

-al

adjectives

connected with

experimental, accidental, environmental

-ance, -ancy,

nouns

an action, process or state

appearance, performance, pregnancy, constancy

-ant, -ent

nouns

a person who does it

assistant, immigrant, student

-ation

nouns

a state or action

examination, imagination, organization

-ee

nouns

a person to whom something is done

employee, trainee

-en

verbs

to give something a particular quality, to make something more

to strengthen

-ence, -ency,

nouns

an action, process or state

coincidence, patience, potency, presidency

-er

nouns

a person who does something

rider, painter, baker, builder, teacher

-ese

adjectives

from a place

Japanese, Chinese, Viennese

-ess

nouns

a woman who does somthing as a job

waitress, actress

-ful

adjectives

having a particular quality

beautiful, helpful, useful, thankful

-hood

nouns

a state, often during a particular period of time

childhood, motherhood

-ian

nouns

a person who does something as a job or hobby

historian, comedian, politician

-ical

adjectives from nouns ending -y or -ics

connected with

economical, mathematical, physical

-ify

verbs

to produce a state or quality

beautify, simplify, purify

-ish

adjectives

1.describing nationality or language

English, Swedish, Polish

2.like something

babyish, foolish

3.rather, quite

longish, youngish, brownish

-ist

nouns

1.a person who has studied something or does something as a job

scientist, typist

2.a person who believes in something or belongs to a particular group

capitalist, pacifist, feminist

-ion

nouns

a state or process

action, connection, exhibition

-ive

adjectives

to be able to, having a particular quality

active, effective

-ize, -ise

verbs

actions producing a particular state

to magnetize, to generalize, to modernise, to standardise

-less

adjectives

not having something

hopeless, friendless

-like

adjectives

similar to

childlike

-ly

adverbs

in a particular way

badly, beautifully, completely

-ment

nouns

a state, action or quality

development, arrangement, excitement, achievement

-ness

nouns

a state or quality

kindness, sadness, happiness, weakness

-ology

nouns

the study of a subject

biology, psychology, zoology

-or

nouns

a person who does something, often as a job

actor, conductor, sailor

-ous

adjectives

having a particular quality

dangerous, generous, religous

-ship

nouns

showing status

membership, citizenship, friendship

-wards

adverbs

in a particular direction

backwards, upwards

-wise

adverbs

in a particular way

anticlockwise

-y

adjectives

having the quality of the thing metioned

cloudy, rainy, fatty, thirsty, greeny

 

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